Country Name: Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)

Capital: Luxembourg

Government Type: constitutional monarchy

Background: Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands following the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 under the condition that it promise perpetual neutrality. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

Continent: Europe

Population: 660,924 (2023 est.)

Ethnic Groups: Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)

Languages: Luxembourgish (official administrative and judicial language and national language (spoken vernacular)) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)

Religions: Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)

Economic Overview: high-income, EU-member European economy; global financial and information storage leader; high government spending; one of highest GDP per capita countries; unique audit accountancy based on company sizing; aging labor force; hit by COVID-19

Currency: European Euro (EUR)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange & Gold: $2.874 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $76.901 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2017 dollars

Real GDP Growth Rate: 1.38% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per Capita: $117,700 (2022 est.) note: data in 2017 dollars

Exports: 

• $172.145 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

• Comparison Ranking: 36

Export Commodities: iron products, cars and vehicle parts, tires, gas turbines, adhesive plastics (2021)

Export Partners: Germany 23%, France 13%, Belgium 12%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5% (2019)

Imports: 

• $141.761 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

• Comparison Ranking: 40

Import Commodities: cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, scrap iron, aircraft (2019)

Import Partners: Belgium 27%, Germany 24%, France 11%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Natural Resources: iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

Agricultural Products: milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, beef, grapes, rapeseed, oats

Industries: banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

Industrial Production Growth Rate: 

• -7.47% (2022 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

• Comparison Ranking: 208

Labor Force: 339,000 (2022 est.)

Unemployment Rate: 4.58% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Natural Hazards: occasional flooding

Geography:

• Total: 2,586 sq km

• Land: 2,586 sq km

• Water: 0 sq km

(Country Summary, The World Factbook, CIA.gov)

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